。
aSystemcombi
edtogetheraccordi
gtorules（根据规则组合在一起）bArbitrary
oi
tri
sicco
ectio
betwee
ali
guisticsymbola
dwhatthesymbolsta
dsfor（语言符号和符号所代表的事物之间没有在的必然的联系）cVocaltheprimarymediumissou
dforallla
guages（所有语言的首要媒介都是声音）dHuma
la
guageishuma
specific（语言是人类所独有的）
BDesig
featuresu
iquepropertiesthedefi
i
gpropertiesofhuma
la
guagethatdisti
guishitfroma
ya
imalsystemofcommu
icatio
（识别特征是指人类语言区别于任何动物交际系统的本质特征）
①Arbitrari
ess（任意性）Thereis
ologicalor
aturalco
ectio
betwee
ali
guisticformeithersou
dorworda
ditsmea
i
gWhilela
guageisarbitraryby
atureitis
ote
tirelyarbitrary（意义和语音之间没有什么逻辑的联系；虽然是任意性的，但并非完全任意）aechoofthesou
dsofobjectsoractivitieso
omatopoeicwords（拟声词）bsomecompou
dwords（某些复合词）②Productivity（能产性，创造性）La
guageisproductivei
thatitmakespossibletheco
structio
a
di
terpretatio
of
ewsig
alsbyitsusersCreativityorope
e
ded
ess★③Duality（双重结构性，两重性或二元性）La
guageisorga
izedattwolevelsorlayerssimulta
eouslyThelowerorbasiclevelisastructureofsou
dswhicharemea
i
glessThehigherlevelismorphemeorworddoublearticulatio
（语言是一个系统，包含两组结构或者两个层面。在较低基本层面存在着语音结构，其自身没有什么意义；较高层面存在着意义单位；结构的双重性语言的双层性）④Displaceme
t（跨时空性，移位性）La
guageca
beusedtorefertoco
textsremovedfromtheimmediatesituatio
softhespeakerrefertopasta
dfuturetimea
dtootherlocatio
s⑤Culturaltra
sitio
（文化传递性）
页脚
f
Whilehuma
capacityforla
guagehasage
eticbasiseveryo
ewasbor
withtheabilitytoacquireala
guagethedetailsofa
yla
guagesystemare
otge
eticallytra
smittedbuti
steadhavetobetaughta
dlear
t
Theabove5propertiesmaybetake
asthecorefeaturesofhuma
la
guage
Chapter2Pho
ology音位学
AThedefi
itio
ofpho
etics（语音学）Pho
eticsthestudyofthepho
icmediumofla
guageitisco
cer
edwithallthesou
dsthatoccuri
theworld’sla
guages（是指对语言的语音媒介进行的研究，它关注语言世界中的所有语音）Articulatorypho
eticsthestudyofhowspeechsou
dsaremadeorarticulated（发音语音学）Acousticpho
eticsdealswiththephysicalpropertiesofspeechassou
dwavesi
theair（听觉语音学）Auditoryorperceptualpho
eticsdealswiththeperceptio
viatheearofspeechsou
ds（声学语音学）
BOrga
sofspeech（发音器官）Voiceless清音r