Chapter1I
troductio
Whatisli
guistics什么是语言学
AThedefi
itio
ofli
guistics
Li
guisticsisge
erallydefi
edasthescie
tificstudyofla
guage对语言进行的科学研究
Processofli
guisticstudy①Certai
li
guisticfactsareobservedge
eralizatio
areformed②Hypothesesareformulated③Hypothesesaretestedbyfurtherobservatio
s④Ali
guistictheoryisco
structed
BThescopeofli
guisticsGe
eralli
guistics普通语言学thestudyofla
guageasawhole从整体研究1Pho
eticsthege
eralstudyofthecharacteristicsofspeechsou
dsorthestudyofthepho
icmedium
ofla
guageHowspeechsou
dsareproduceda
dclassified
2Pho
ologyisesse
tiallythedescriptio
ofthesystemsa
dpatter
sofspeechsou
dsi
a
la
guageHowsou
dsformsystemsa
dfu
ctio
toco
veymea
i
g3Morphologythestudyofthewayi
whichmorphemesarearra
gedtoformwordshowmorphemes
arecombi
edtoformwords4Sy
taxthestudyofthoserulesthatgover
thecombi
atio
ofwordstoformpermissiblese
te
ces
howmorphemesa
dwordsarecombi
edtoformse
te
ces5Sema
ticsthestudyofmea
i
gi
abstractio
6Pragmaticsthestudyofmea
i
gi
co
textofuseSocioli
guisticsthestudyofla
guagewithrefere
cetosocietyPsycholi
guisticsthestudyofla
guagewithrefere
cetotheworki
gsofthemi
dAppliedli
guisticstheapplicatio
ofli
guisticspri
ciplesa
dtheoriestola
guageteachi
ga
dlear
i
gA
thropologicalli
guistics
eurologicalli
guisticsmathematicalli
guisticsmathematicalli
guistics
computatio
alli
guistics
CSomeimporta
tdisti
ctio
si
li
guistics①PrescriptivevsDescriptive规定性与描写性②Sy
chro
icvsDiachro
ic共时性与历时性（现代英语多研究共时性）Thedescriptio
ofala
guageatsomepoi
ti
timeThedescriptio
ofala
guageasitcha
gesthroughtime
页脚
f
③Speecha
dwriti
g言语与文字Spoke
la
guageisprimary
otthewritte
④La
guea
dparole语言和言语ProposedbySwissli
guistsFdeSaussesociological
La
guereferstotheabstractli
guisticsystemsharedbyallthemembersofaspeechcommu
ity（指一个话语社团所有成员共有的语言系统）Parolereferstotherealizatio
ofla
guei
actualuse（指语言在实际运用中的实现）
⑤Compete
cea
dperforma
ce语言能力与语言运用ProposedbytheAmerica
li
guistNChomskypsychologicalCompete
cetheidealuser’sk
owledgeoftherulesofhisla
guage（理想的语言使用者关于语言规
则方面的知识）Performa
cetheactualrealizatio
ofthisk
owledgei
li
guisticscommu
icatio
（这种知识在语言
交流中的具体实现）
Whatisla
guage什么是语言
AThedefi
itio
ofla
guage
La
guageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhuma
commu
icatio
语言是一个具有任意性、用于人类交流的语音符号系统r