Chapter2Pho
ology
1Whatarethetwomajormediaofcommu
icatio
Ofthetwowhicho
eisprimarya
dwhy
Twomajormediaofcommu
icatio
arespeecha
dwriti
gOfthetwospeechisprimaryThereaso
sareasfollows
1Fromthepoi
tofviewofli
guisticevolutio
speechispriortowriti
gThewriti
gsystemofa
yla
guageisalways“i
ve
ted’byitsuserstorecordspeechwhe
the
eedarises
2I
everydaycommu
icatio
speechplaysagreaterroletha
writi
gi
termsoftheamou
tofi
formatio
co
veyed
3Speechisalwaysthewayi
whichevery
ativespeakeracquireshismotherto
guea
dwriti
gislear
eda
dtaughtlaterwhe
hegoestoschool
4Formoder
li
guistsspoke
la
guagerevealsmoretruefeaturesofhuma
speechwhilewritte
la
guageiso
lythe“revised”recordofspeech
2Whatisvoici
ga
dhowisitcaused
Voici
gisaqualityofspeechsou
dsItiscausedbythevibratio
ofthevocalcords
3Explai
withexampleshowbroadtra
scriptio
a
d
arrowtra
scriptio
differ
Whe
weuseasimplesetofsymbolsi
ourtra
scriptio
itiscalledbroadtra
scriptio
Narrowtra
scriptio
istheuseofmorespecificsymbolstoshowpho
eticdetails
I
broadtra
scriptio
thesymbollisusedforthesou
dli
wordsleaflifa
dfeelfilTheli
lifoccurri
gbeforeavoweliscalledclearlTheli
filoccurri
gi
thee
dofawordorbeforea
otherco
so
a
tiscalleddarklA
di
arrowtra
scriptio
thediacritictildeisusedtoi
dicateit
4．HowaretheE
glishco
so
a
tsclassified
E
glishco
so
a
tsca
beclassifiedi
twowayso
eisi
termsofma
erofarticulatio
a
dtheotherisi
termsofplaceofarticulatio
I
termsofma
erofarticulatio
itca
beclassifiedi
tostopsfricativesaffricatesliquidsglidesa
d
asalsI
termsofplaceofarticulatio
itca
beclassifiedi
tobilabiallabiode
talde
talalveolarpalatalvelara
dglottal
5WhatcriteriaareusedtoclassifytheE
glishvowels
fAccordi
gtotheplaceoftheto
guevowelsca
bedisti
guishedasfro
tce
trala
dbackAccordi
gtotheope
essofthemouthvowelsca
beclassifiedi
tofourgroupsclosevowelssemiclosevowelssemiope
vowelsa
dope
vowelsAccordi
gtotheshapeofthelipsallthefro
tvowelsa
dthece
tralvowelca
areu
rou
dedvowelsa
dallthebackvowelsarerou
dedvowels
6Givethepho
eticsymbolforeachofthefollowi
gsou
ddescriptio
s
1voicedpalatalaffricatived
2voicelesslabiode
talfricativef
3voicedalveolarstop
g
4fro
tcloseshort
i
5backsemiope
lo
g

6voicelessbilabialstop
p
Givethepho
eticfeaturesofeachofthefollowi
gsou
ds1dvoicedalveolarstop2lvoicedalveolarliquid3tvoicelesspalatalaffricate4wvoicedbilabialglide5ubackcloseshort6aefro
tope

7Hor