附录：中英文翻译
英文部分：
LOADS
Loadsthatacto
structuresareusuallyclassifiedasdeadloadsorliveloadsDeadloadsarefixedi
locatio
a
dco
sta
ti
mag
itudethroughoutthelifeofthestructureUsuallytheselfweightofastructureisthemostimporta
tpartofthestructurea
dtheu
itweightofthematerialCo
cretede
sityvariesfromabout90to120pcf14to19KNm2forlightweightco
cretea
disabout145pcf23KNm2for
ormalco
creteI
calculati
gthedeadloadofstructuralco
creteusuallya5pcf1KNm2i
creme
tisi
cludedwiththeweightoftheco
cretetoaccou
tfortheprese
ceoftherei
forceme
t
Liveloadsareloadssuchasoccupa
cys
owwi
dortrafficloadsorseismicforcesTheymaybeeitherfullyorpartiallyi
placeor
otprese
tatallTheymayalsocha
gei
locatio
Althoughtitistherespo
sibilityofthee
gi
eertocalculatedeadloadsliveloadsareusuallyspecifiedbylocalregio
alor
atio
alcodesa
dspecificatio
sTypicalsourcesarethepublicatio
softheAmerica
Natio
alSta
dardsI
stitutetheAmerica
Associatio
ofStateHighwaya
dTra
sportatio
Officialsa
dforwi
dloadstherecomme
datio
softheASCETaskCommitteeo
Wi
dForces
Specifiedlivetheloadsusuallyi
cludesomeallowa
ceforoverloada
dmayi
cludemeasuressuchasposti
gofmaximumloadswill
otbeexceededItisofter
importa
ttodisti
guishbetwee
thespecifiedloada
dwhatistermedthecharacteristicloadthatistheloadthatactuallyisi
effectu
der
ormalco
ditio
sofservicewhichmaybesig
ifica
tlylessI
estimati
gthelo
gtermdeflectio
ofastructureforexampleitisthecharacteristicloadthatisimporta
t
otthespecifiedload
Thesumofthecalculateddeadloada
dthespecifiedliveloadiscalledtheserviceloadbecausethisisthemaximumloadwhichmayreaso
ablybeexpectedtoactduri
gtheserviceresisti
gisamultipleoftheserviceload
Stre
gthThestre
gthofastructuredepe
dso
thestre
gthofthematerialsfromwhichitismadeMi
imummaterialstre
gthsarespecifiedi
certai
sta
dardizedwaysThepropertiesofco
cretea
ditscompo
e
tsthemethodsofmixi
gplaci
ga
dcuri
gtoobtai
therequiredqualitya
dthemethodsfortesti
garespecifiedbytheAmerica
Co
creteI
sititueACII
cludedbyrefre
cei
thesamedocume
t
faresta
dardsoftheAmerica
SocietyforTesti
gMaterialsASTMpertai
i
gtorei
forci
ga
dprestressi
gsteelsa
dco
crete
Stre
gthalsodepe
dso
thecarewithwhichthestructureisbuiltMembersizesmaydifferfromspecifieddime
sio
srei
forceme
tmaybeoutofpositio
orpoorplaceme
tofco
cretemayresulti
voidsA
importa
tpartofthejoboftheergi
eeristoprovidepropersupervisio
ofco
structio
Slighti
gofthisrespo
sibilityhashaddisastrousco
seque
cesi
moretha
o
ei
sta
ce
StructuralSafetySafetyrequiresthatthestre
gthofastructurebeadequatefor