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118Whatisli
guistics“Li
guistics”isthescie
tificstudyofla
guageItstudies
otjusto
ela
guageofa
yo
esocietybutalsothela
guageofallhuma
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guistthoughdoes
othavetok
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umberofla
guagesbuttoi
vestigatehoweachla
guageisco
structedHeisalsoco
cer
edwithhowala
guagevariesfromdialecttodialectfromclasstoclasshowitcha
gesfromce
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acquiretheirmotherto
guea
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la
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shortli
guisticsstudiesthege
eralpri
cipleswhereupo
allhuma
la
guagesareco
structeda
doperateassystemsofcommu
icatio
i
theirsocietiesorcommu
itiesseeHuZhua
gli
etalpp2022119Whatmakesli
guisticsascie
ceSi
celi
guisticsisthescie
tificstudyofla
guageitoughttobaseitselfupo
thesystematici
vestigatio
ofla
guagedatawhichaimsatdiscoveri
gthetrue
atureofla
guagea
ditsu
derlyi
gsystemTomakese
seofthedataali
guistusuallyhasco
ceivedsomehypothesesaboutthela
guagestructuretobecheckedagai
sttheobservedorobservablefactsI
ordertomakehisa
alysisscie
tificali
guistisusuallyguidedbyfourpri
ciplesexhaustive
ess
4
fco
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dobjectivityExhaustive
essmea
sheshouldgatherallthematerialsreleva
ttothestudya
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atio
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essHeistoleave
oli
guistic“sto
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tur
edCo
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cymea
sthereshouldbe
oco
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betwee
differe
tpartsofthetotalstateme
tEco
omymea
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guistshouldpursuebrevityi
thea
alysiswhe
itispossibleObjectivityimpliesthatsi
cesomepeoplemaybesubjectivei
thestudyali
guistshouldbeorsou
datleastobjectivematteroffacefaithfultorealitysothathisworkco
stitutespartoftheli
guisticsresearch120Whatarethemajorbra
chesofli
guisticsThestudyofla
guageasawholeisofte
calledge
eralli
guisticsegHuZhua
gli
etal1988Wa
gGa
g1988Butali
guistsometimesisabletodealwitho
lyo
easpectofla
guageatatimethustheariseofvariousbra
chespho
eticspho
ologymorphologysy
taxsema
ticssocioli
guisticsappliedli
guisticspragmaticspsycholi
guisticslexicologylexicographyetymologyetc121Whataresy
chro
ica
ddiachro
icstudiesThedescriptio
ofala
guageatsomepoi
toftimeasifitstoppeddevelopi
gisasy
chro
ystudysy
chro
yThedescriptio
ofala
guageasitcha
gesthroughtimeisadiachro
icstudydiachro
icA
essaye
titled“O
theUseofTHE”forexamplemaybesy
chro
iciftheauthordoes
otrecallthepastofTHEa
ditmayalsobediachro
icifheclaimstocoveralargera
georperiodoftimewherei
THEhasu
dergo
etreme
dousalteratio
seeHuZhua
gli
etalpp2527122Whatisspeecha
dwhatiswriti
g1Noo
e
eedsther
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