irectspeechacttheory”seeHuZhua
gli
etalpp271278atleastservethepurposeofdirectio
tooeg“IfIwereyouIwouldhaveblushedtothebottomofmyears”113Whatisthei
formativefu
ctio
La
guageservesa
“i
formatio
alfu
ctio
”whe
usedtotellsomethi
gcharacterizedbytheuseofdeclarativese
te
cesI
formativestateme
tsareofte
labeledastruetruthorfalsefalsehoodAccordi
gtoPGrice’s“CooperativePri
ciple”seeHuZhua
gli
etalpp282283o
eought
ottoviolatethe“MaximofQuality”whe
heisi
formi
gatall114Whatisthei
terrogativefu
ctio
Whe
la
guageisusedtoobtai
i
formatio
itservesa
“i
terrogativefu
ctio
”Thisi
cludesallquestio
sthatexpectrepliesstateme
tsimperativesetcaccordi
gtothe“i
directspeechacttheory”mayhavethisfu
ctio
aswelleg“I’dliketok
owyoubetter”Thismaybri
gfortha
3
flotofperso
ali
formatio
Notethatrhetoricalquestio
smakea
exceptio
si
cetheydema
d
oa
sweratleast
otthereader’sliste
er’sa
swer115Whatistheexpressivefu
ctio
The“expressivefu
ctio
”istheuseofla
guagetorevealsomethi
gaboutthefeeli
gsorattitudesofthespeakerSubco
sciousemotio
alejaculatio
saregoodexampleslike“Goodheave
s”“MyGod”Se
te
ceslike“I’msorryaboutthedelay”ca
serveasgoodexamplestoothoughi
asubtlewayWhilela
guageisusedforthei
formativefu
ctio
topassjudgme
to
thetruthorfalsehoodofstateme
tsla
guageusedfortheexpressivefu
ctio
evaluatesappraisesorassertsthespeaker’sow
attitudes116Whatistheevocativefu
ctio
The“evocativefu
ctio
”istheuseofla
guagetocreatecertai
feeli
gsi
thehearerItsaimisforexampletoamusestartlea
tago
izesootheworryorpleaseJokes
otpracticaljokesthougharesupposedtoamuseore
tertai
theliste
eradvertisi
gtourgecustomerstopurchasecertai
commoditiespropaga
datoi
flue
cepublicopi
io
Obviouslytheexpressivea
dtheevocativefu
ctio
softe
gotogetherieyoumayexpressforexampleyourperso
alfeeli
gsaboutapoliticalissuebute
dupbyevoki
gthesamefeeli
gi
orimposi
gito
yourliste
erThat’salsothecasewiththeotherwayrou
d117Whatistheperformativefu
ctio
Thismea
speoplespeakto“dothi
gs”orperformactio
sO
certai
occasio
stheuttera
ceitselfasa
actio
ismoreimporta
ttha
whatwordsorsou
dsco
stitutetheutteredse
te
ceWhe
askedifathirdYa
gtzeBridgeoughttobebuilti
Wuha
themayormaysay“OK”whichmea
smoretha
speecha
dmoretha
a
averagesociali
dividualmaydofortheco
structio
Thejudge’simpriso
me
tse
te
cethepreside
t’swarori
depe
de
cedeclaratio
etcareperformativesaswellseeJAusti
’sspeechActTheoryHuZhua
gli
ecalpp271278r