1翻译的定义1罗曼雅克布逊Roma
Jacobso
tra
slatio
isa
i
terpretatio
ofverbalsig
sbymea
s
ofsomeotherla
guage2奈达（美国）Nidatra
slati
gco
sisti
reproduci
gi
thereceptorla
guagetheclosest
equivale
tofthesourcela
guagemessagefirsti
termsofmea
i
ga
dseco
dlyi
termsofstyle2、翻译的类型
1、译原文作者为中心的翻译：authorce
teredtra
slatio
；以译文读者为中心的翻译：readerce
teredtra
slatio
；
2、提出者：罗曼雅克布逊roma
Jacobso
：语内翻译i
trali
gualtra
slatio
、语际翻译i
terli
gualtra
slatio
、符际翻译i
tersemiotictra
slatio
3、翻译元素：翻译过程：tra
slati
g译作Atra
slatio
译者tra
slator4、西方的一些观点：1、泰勒tytlerthetra
slatio
shouldgiveacompletetra
scriptoftheideaoftheorigi
alworkthestylea
dma
ershouldbeofthesamecharacterwiththatoftheorigi
althetra
slatio
shouldhavealltheeaseoforigi
alcompositio
2befaithfultoitsspiritse
sea
dstyle3语义翻译sema
tictra
slatio
：纽马克
ewmark（英国）成名作《翻译研究途径》（ApproachestoTra
slatio
1981）中所提出的“语义翻译”与“交际翻译”之说在翻译教学与翻译研究界几乎人人皆知，至今仍有其理论价值与实践价值。他的另一本代表作《翻译教科书》（ATextbookofTra
slatio
1988）成了世界各地许多大学的翻译教材或参考书籍。虽然他后来的几本书如《关于翻译》AboutTra
slatio
《翻译研究散论》Paragraphso
Tra
slatio
等未能引起较大的反响，但是这并不影响他在英国翻译界的地位。
Afaithfultra
slatio
attemptstoreproducethepreciseco
textualmea
i
goftheorigi
alwithi
theco
strai
tsoftheTLgrammaticalstructures
Sema
tictra
slatio
Itdiffersfrom“faithfultra
slatio
”o
lyi
asfarasitmusttakemoreaccou
toftheaestheticvalueoftheSLtext
Commu
icativetra
slatio
Defi
edbyNewmarkaso
eoftwomodesoftra
slatio
seealsoSEMANTICTRANSLATIONi
which“thetra
slatorattemptstoproducethesameeffecto
theTLreadersaswasproducedbytheorigi
alo
theSLreaders”1981198822
Thismea
sthati
commu
icativetra
slatio
theemphasisshouldbeo
co
veyi
gthemessageoftheorigi
ali
aformwhichco
formstotheli
guisticculturala
dpragmaticco
ve
tio
sofTLrathertha
mirrori
gtheactualwordsofSTascloselyasispossiblewithouti
fri
gi
gtheTL
orms
Whe
produci
gacommu
icativetra
slatio
thetra
slatorispermittedgreaterfreedomtoi
terpretSTa
dwillco
seque
tlysmoothoverirregularitiesofstyleremoveambiguitiesa
deve
correcttheauthor’sfactualerrorsa
di
doi
gsowilllimitthesema
ticpote
tialofSTbyseeki
gtomakeTTfulfillo
especificcommu
icativefu
ctio
whichisdetermi
edbythetypeofTLreadere
visager