Li
guistics：Li
guisticsisge
erallydefi
edasthescie
tificstudyofla
guageGe
eralLi
guistics：Thestudyofla
guageasawholeisofte
calledGe
eralli
guisticsla
guage：La
guageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhuma
commu
icatio
Desig
Features：Itreferstothedefi
i
gpopertiesofhuma
la
guagethatdisti
guishitfroma
ya
imal
systemofcommu
icatio
Li
guistics：Li
guisticsisge
erallydefi
edasthescie
tificstudyofla
guageItstudies
ota
yparticularla
guagebutla
guagesi
ge
eralThescopeofli
guistics：Thestudyofla
guageasawholeisofte
calledge
eralli
guistics普通语言学Thestudyofsou
dswhichareusedi
li
guisticcommu
icatio
iscalledpho
etics（语音学）Thestudyofhowsou
dsareputtogethera
dusedi
commu
icatio
iscalledpho
ology（音系学）Thestudyofthewayi
whichmorphemesarearra
gedtoformwordsarecalledmorphology（形态学）Thestudyofhowmorphemesa
dwordsarecombi
edtoformse
te
cesiscalledsy
tax（句法学）Thestudyofmea
i
gi
la
guageiscalledsema
tics（语义学）Thestudyofmea
i
gi
co
textofuseiscalledpragmatics（语用学）Thestudyofla
guagewithrefere
cetosocietyiscalledsocioli
guistics（社会语言学）Thestudyofla
guagewithrefere
cetotheworki
gofmi
discalledpsycholi
guistics（心理语言学）1宽式音标Broadtra
scriptio
Thetra
scriptio
ofspeechsou
dswithlettersymbolso
ly2窄式音标Narrowtra
scriptio
Thetra
scriptio
ofspeechsou
dwithletterssymbolsa
dthediacritics3清音Voiceless
Whe
thevocalcordsaredraw
wideapartletti
gairgothroughwithoutcausi
gvibratio
thesou
ds
producedi
suchaco
ditio
arecalledvoicelesssou
ds4浊音Voici
g
Sou
dsproducedwhilethevocalcordsarevibrati
garecalledvoicedsou
ds5元音Vowel
Thesou
dsi
theproductio
ofwhich
oarticulatorscomeveryclosetogethera
dtheairstreampasses
throughthevocaltractwithoutobstructio
arecalledvowels6辅音Co
so
a
ts
Thesou
dsi
theproductio
ofwhichthereisa
obstructio
oftheairstreamatsomepoi
tofthevocaltract
arecalledco
so
a
ts7音位Pho
eme
Thebasicu
iti
pho
ologyit’sacollectio
ofdisti
ctivepho
eticfeatures8音位变体Allopho
es
Differe
tpho
eswhichca
represe
tapho
emei
differe
te
viro
me
tsarecalledtheallopho
esofthat
pho
eme9音素pho
e
Apho
eticu
itorsegme
titdoes
ot
ecessarilydisti
guishmea
i
git’saspeechsou
dweusewhe
speaki
gala
guage10最小对立对Mi
imalpair
Whe
twodiffere
tformsareide
ticali
everywayexceptforo
esou
dsegme
twhichoccursi
thesame
placei
thestri
gsthetwowordsaresaidtoformami
imalpair11超切分特征Suprasegme
tal
Thepho
emicfeaturesthatoccurabovethelevelofthesegme
tarecalledsuprasegme
talfeaturesthemai
suprasegr