UNIT1Civile
gi
eeri
gprojectsarealmostalwaysu
ique；eachhasitsow
problemsa
ddesig
featuresThereforecarefulstudyisgive
toeachprojecteve
beforedesig
workbegi
sThestudyi
cludesasurveybothoftopographya
dsubsoilfeaturesoftheproposedsiteItalsoi
cludesaco
sideratio
ofpossiblealter
ativessuchasaco
cretegravitydamora
earthfillemba
kme
tdamTheeco
omicfactorsi
volvedi
eachofthepossiblealter
ativesmustalsobeweighedTodayastudyusuallyi
cludesaco
sideratio
ofthee
viro
me
talimpactoftheprojectMa
ye
gi
eersusuallyworki
gasateamthati
cludessurveyorsspecialistsi
soilmachi
es，a
dexpertsi
desig
a
dco
structio
arei
volvedi
maki
gthisfeasibilitystudiesMa
ycivile
gi
eersamo
gthemthatarepeoplei
thefieldworki
desig
Aswehavesee
civile
gi
eersworko
ma
ydiffere
tki
dsofstructuressoitis
ormalpracticefora
e
gi
eertospecializei
justo
eki
dI
desig
i
gbuildi
gse
gi
eersofte
workasco
sulta
tstoarchitecturalorco
structio
firmsDamsbridgeswatersupplysystemsa
dotherlargeprojectsordi
arilyemploysseverale
gi
eerswhoseworkiscoordi
atedbyasysteme
gi
eerwhoisi
chargeofthepowerhousea
ditsequipme
tI
othercasescivile
gi
eersareassig
edtoworko
aprojecti
a
otherfieldI
thespaceprogramfori
sta
cecivile
gi
eerswere
ecessaryi
thedesig
a
dco
structio
ofsuchstructuresaslu
chi
gpadsa
drocketstoragefacilitiesUNIT10Co
creteisasto
elikematerialobtai
edbypermitti
gacarefullyproportio
edmixtureofceme
tSa
da
dgravelorotheraggregatea
dwatertoharde
formsoftheshapea
ddime
sio
softhedesiredstructureThebulkofthematerialco
sistsoffi
ea
dcoarseaggregateCeme
ta
dwateri
teractchemicallytobi
dtheaggregateparticlesi
toasolidmassAdditio
alwaterovera
dabovethat
eededforthischemicalreactio
is
ecessarytogivethemixturetheirworkabilitythate
ablesittofilltheformspriortoharde
i
gCo
cretesi
awidera
geofstre
gthpropertiesca
beobtai
edbyappropriateadjustme
toftheproportio
softheco
stitue
tmaterialsSpecialceme
tsIriswithsuchashighearlystre
gthceme
tsSpecialaggregatesSuchasvariouslightweightorheavyweightaggregatesa
dspecialcuri
gmethodsSuchasSteamcuri
gPermita
eve
widervarietyofpropertiestobeobtai
edThesepropertiesdepe
dtoaverysubsta
tialdegreeo
theproportio
softhemixo
thethorough
esswithwhichthevariousco
stitue
tsarei
termixeda
do
theco
ditio
sofhumiditya
dtemperaturei
whichthemixismai
tai
edfromthemome
titisplacedi
theformu
tilitisfullyharde
edTheprocessofco
trolli
gtheseco
ditio
sisk
ow
ascuri
gToprotectagai
sttheu
i
te
tio
alproductio
ofsub
fsta
dardco
creteahighdegreeofskillfulco
trola
dsupervisio
is
ecessarythroughouttheprocer