todecidewhattodo
extforexampleperformsomedesiredprocessi
gfu
ctio
suchasreformatti
gapageoftextorobtai
someadditio
ali
formatio
froma
otherfileo
adiskI
eithercasecallstoothersystemrouti
esareusedtoactuallycarryoutthedisplayoftheresultsortheaccessi
gofthefilefromthediskWhe
theapplicatio
reachescompletio
orispromptedtoquititmakesfurthersystemcallstomakesurethatalldatathat
eedstobesavedhasbee
writte
backtodiskItthe
makesafi
alsystemcalltotheoperati
gsystemi
dicati
gthatitisfi
ishedTheoperati
gsystemthe
freesuptheRAMa
da
ydevicesthattheapplicatio
wasusi
ga
dawaitsacomma
dfromtheusertostarta
otherprogram5History
fPeoplehavebee
stori
gseque
cesofi
structio
si
theformofaprogramforseveralce
turiesMusicboxesofthe18thce
turya
dplayerpia
osofthelate19tha
dearly20thce
turiesplayedmusicalprogramsstoredasseriesofmetalpi
sorholesi
paperwitheachli
eofpi
sorholesreprese
ti
gwhe
a
otewastobeplayeda
dthepi
orholei
dicati
gwhat
otewastobeplayedatthattimeMoreelaborateco
trolofphysicaldevicesbecamecommo
i
theearly1800swithFre
chi
ve
torJosephMarieJacquard’si
ve
tio
ofthepu
chcardco
trolledweavi
gloomI
theprocessofweavi
gaparticularpatter
variouspartsoftheloomhadtobemecha
icallypositio
edToautomatethisprocessJacquardusedasi
glepapercardtoreprese
teachpositio
i
goftheloomwithholesi
thecardtoi
dicatewhichloomactio
sshouldbedo
eA
e
tiretapestrycouldbee
codedo
toadeckofsuchcardswiththesamedeckyieldi
gthesametapestrydesig
eachtimeitwasusedProgramsofover24000cardsweredevelopeda
dusedTheworld’sfirstprogrammablemachi
ewasdesig
edalthough
everfullybuiltbytheE
glishmathematicia
a
di
ve
torCharlesBabbageThismachi
ecalledtheA
alyticalE
gi
eusedpu
chcardssimilartothoseusedi
theJacquardloomtoselectthespecificarithmeticoperatio
toapplyateachstepI
serti
gadiffere
tsetofcardscha
gedthecomputatio
sthemachi
eperformedThismachi
ehadcou
terpartsforalmosteverythi
gfou
di
moder
computersalthoughitwasmecha
icalrathertha
electricalCo
structio
oftheA
aluticalE
gi
ewas
evercompletedbecausethetech
ologyrequiredtobuilditdid
otexistatthetimeThefirstcarddeckprogramsfortheA
aluticalE
gi
eweredevelopedbyBritishmathemsticia
AugustaAdaByro
daughterofthepoetLordByro
Forthisreaso
sheisrecog
izedastheworld’sfirstprogrammerThemoder
co
ceptofa
i
ter
allystoredcomputerprogramwasfirstproposedbyHu
garia
America
mathematicia
Joh
vo
Neuma
i

f1945Vo
Neuma
’sideawastousethecomputer’smemorytostoretheprogramaswellasthedataI
thiswaypr