e
stbier，psychologyprofessorattheU
iversityofNebraskai
Li
col
，believesthatsociety‘sattitudesaccou
tformuchoftherisei
cheati
g“Twe
tyyearsago，ifaperso
cheatedi
college，societysaid：”Thatisextremelyseriousyouwillbedroppedforasemesterif
otkickedoutperma
e
tly，’“hesays”Nowadays，attheU
iversityofNebraska，forexample，itisthestatedpolicyoftheCollegeofArtsa
dScie
cesthatifastude
tcheatso
a
exam，thestude
tmustreceivea
‘F’o
whathecheatedo
That‘s
othi
gIfyou’regoi
gtofaila
yway，why
otcheat“Cheati
gisu
ethical，Pi
kardsays，whetherit‘smassivefraudorfailuretotellastorecashieryouwereu
dercharged“You’retreati
gotherpeoplemerelyasamea
sforyourow
e
dsYou‘reusi
gpeoplei
waystheywould
otco
se
ttoThecheatersays，’Leteverybodyelsebeartheburde
，a
dI‘llreapthebe
efits’”Cheatersusuallytrytojustifytheiractio
s，saysRobertHoga
，chairma
ofthepsychologydepartme
tattheU
iversityofTulsai
Oklahoma“They
everthi
kit‘stheirfault”Cheatersmakejustificatio
sbecausetheywa
ttofeelgoodaboutthemselves，addsWheeler“Theydo
’twa
ttolabelthemselvesasacheaterAlso，theymaybea
ticipati
gthepossibilityofgetti
gcaught，sotheyworko
theirexcuseaheadoftime”Themostcommo
justificatio
s，psychologistssay，i
clude：
第11页共54页
f“Ihadtodoit”“Thetestwasu
fair”“Everybodydoesit，a
dIhavetocheattogetwhat‘srightfullymi
e”“Thegover
me
twastesthemo
eya
yway”“Mywifeorhusba
ddoes
‘tu
dersta
dme，a
dwe’vegrow
apart”Cheati
gismostlikelyi
situatio
swherethestakesarehigha
dthecha
cesofgetti
gcaughtarelow，sayssocialpsychologistLy
KahleoftheU
iversityofOrego
i
Euge
eI
hisstudy，agroupoffreshme
wereallowedtogradetheirow
tests，whilesecret，pressurese
sitivepaperi
dicatedwhocha
geda
swersToraisethepressure，stude
tsweregive
a
extremelyhighscoreasthe“average”forthetesta
dtoldthatthosewhofailedwouldgobeforea
i
quiri
gboardofpsychologistsAbout46perce
tofthemalestude
tscha
geda
swersamo
gthefemales，about30perce
tcheatedEverybodycheatsalittle，somepsychologistssay，whileothersi
sistthatmostpeoplearebasicallyho
esta
dsomewould
‘tcheatu
dera
ycircumsta
cesDespitethege
eralrisei
cheati
g，Pi
kardseessomecauseforhope：“Idofi
damo
gyou
gerstude
tsamuchlesstolera
tattitude
第12页共54页
ftowardcheati
g”Perhaps，hesays，theupcomi
gge
eratio
islessspoiledtha
the“babyboom”stude
tswhoprecededthema
dthereforelessselfce
tered“Thereseemstobeaswi
gbacki
theculture”1Thepurposeofthispassageisto____Aco
vi
cethereaderthatcheati
gisimmr