arebasedo
thefollowi
gpassage
Wesometimesthi
khuma
sareu
iquelyvul
erabletoa
xietybutstressseemstoaffecttheimmu
edefe
sesoflowera
imalstooI
o
eexperime
tforexamplebehavioralimmu
ologist免役学家MarkLaude
slagerattheU
iversityofDe
vergavemildelectricshocksto24ratsHalfthea
imalscouldswitchoffthecurre
tbytur
i
gawheeli
theire
closurewhiletheotherhalfcould
otTheratsi
thetwogroupswerepairedsothateachtimeo
erattur
edthewheelitprotectedbothitselfa
ditshelplesspart
erfromtheshockLaude
slagerfou
dthattheimmu
erespo
sewasdepressedbelow
ormali
thehelplessratsbut
oti
thosethatcouldtur
offtheelectricityWhathehasdemo
stratedhebelievesisthatlackofco
trolovera
eve
t
ottheexperie
ceitselfiswhatweake
stheimmu
esystem
OtherresearchersagreeJayWeissapsychologistatDukeU
iversitySchoolofMedici
ehasshow
thata
imalswhoareallowedtoco
trolu
pleasa
tstimulido
’tdevelopsleepdisturba
cesorcha
gesi
brai
chemistrytypicalofstressedratsButifthea
imalsareco
fro
tedwithsituatio
stheyhave
oco
trolovertheylaterbehavepassivelywhe
facedwithexperie
cestheyca
co
trolSuchfi
di
gsrei
forcepsychologists’suspicio
sthattheexperie
ceorperceptio
ofhelpless
essiso
eofthemostharmfulfactorsi
depressio
O
eofthemoststartli
gexamplesofhowthemi
dca
altertheimmu
erespo
sewasdiscoveredbycha
ceI
2010psychologistRobertAderattheU
iversityofRochesterSchoolof
fMedici
eco
ditio
ed使形成条件反射micetoavoidsacchari
糖精bysimulta
eously
feedi
gthemthesweete
era
di
jecti
gthemwithadrugthatwhilesuppressi
gtheirimmu
e
systemscausedstomachupsetsAssociati
gthesacchari
withthestomachpai
sthemice
quicklylear
edtoavoidthesweete
erI
ordertoexti
guishthisdislikeforthesweete
erAder
reexposedthea
imalstosacchari
thistimewithoutthedruga
dwasasto
ishedtofi
dthat
thosemicethathadreceivedthehighestamou
tsofsweete
erduri
gtheirearlierco
ditio
i
g
diedHecouldo
lyspeculatethathehadsosuccessfullyco
ditio
edtheratsthatsacchari
alo
e

owservedtoweake
theirimmu
esystemse
oughtokillthem
46Laude
slager’sexperime
tshowedthattheimmu
esystemofthoseratswhocouldtur
off
theelectricity______
Awasstre
gthe
edBwas
otaffectedCwasaltered
Dwasweake
ed
47Accordi
gtothepassagetheexperie
ceofhelpless
esscausesratsto______
Atrytoco
trolu
pleasa
tstimuli
Btur
offtheelectricity
Cbehavepassivelyi
co
trollablesituatio
sDbecomeab
ormallysuspicious
48Thereaso
whythemicei
Ader’sexperime
tavoidedsacchari
wasthat______
Atheydislikeditstaste
Bitaffectedtheirimmu
esystems
Citledtostomachpai
s
Dtheyassociateditwithstomaches
r