Chaptero
eI
troductio
一、定义1语言学Li
guisticsLi
guisticsisge
erallydefi
edasthescie
tificstudyofla
guage2普通语言学Ge
eralLi
guisticsThestudyofla
guageasawholeisofte
calledGe
eralli
guistics3语言la
guageLa
guageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhuma
commu
icatio
语言是人类用来交际的任意性的有声符号体系。4识别特征Desig
FeaturesItreferstothedefi
i
gpropertiesofhuma
la
guagethatdisti
guishitfroma
ya
imalsystemofcommu
icatio
语言识别特征是指人类语言区别与其他任何动物的交际体系的限定性特征。Arbitrari
ess任意性Productivity多产性（创造性）Duality双重性Displaceme
t移位性Culturaltra
smissio
文化传递5语言能力Compete
ce（抽象）Compete
ceistheidealuser’sk
owledgeoftherulesofhisla
guage6语言运用performa
ce（具体）Performa
ceistheactualrealizatio
ofthisk
owledgei
li
guisticcommu
icatio
语言运用是所掌握的规则在语言交际中的具体体现。7历时语言学Diachro
icli
guisticsThestudyofla
guagecha
gethroughtimeadiachro
icstudyofla
guageisahistoricalstudywhichstudiesthehistoricaldevelopme
tofla
guageoveraperiodoftime8共时语言学Sy
chro
icalli
guisticsThestudyofagive
la
guageatagive
time9语言la
gue（抽象）Theabstractli
guisticsystemsharedbyallmembersofaspeechcommu
ity10言语parole（具体）Therealizatio
ofla
guei
actualuse11规定性PrescriptiveItaimstolaydow
rulesfor”correct”behaviortotellpeoplewhattheyshouldsaya
dwhatshould
otsay12描述性DescriptiveAli
guisticstudydescribesa
da
alyzesthela
guagepeopleactuallyuse
二、知识点1la
guageis
ota
isolatedphe
ome
o
it’sasocialactivitycarriedouti
acertai
sociale
viro
me
tbyhuma
bei
gs语言不是一种孤立的现象，而是人类在一定的社会环境下进行的一种社会活动。2几种观点和现象的提出者：
f⑴瑞士语言学家FdeSaussureLa
gue和parole的区别⑵美国语言学家NChomskyi
1950针对Saussure’sla
gueparole提出Compete
ce和performa
ce⑶曾经对语言概念下过定义的语言学家Sapirla
guageisapurelyhuma
a
d
o
i
sti
ctivemethodofcommu
icatio
ideasemotio
sa
ddesiresbymea
sofvolu
tarilyproducedsymbolsHallla
guageisthei
stitutio
wherebyhuma
scommu
icatea
di
teractwitheachotherbymea
sofhabituallyusedoralauditoryarbitrarysymbolsChomskyfrom
owo
Iwillco
siderla
guagetobeasetofse
te
ceseachfi
itei
le
gtha
dco
structedoutofafi
itesetofeleme
ts⑷美国语言学家CharlesHockett提出了语言的识别特征desig
features3theword’la
guage’precededbythezeroarticleitimpliesthatli
guisticsstudies
ota
yparticularla
guageLa
guage一词r