4独立成分。1有些分词短语可以独立存在，在句子中没有逻辑上的主语，作为习惯用语。这些短语有：ge
erallyspeaki
g一般来说，fra
klyspeaki
g坦白说，strictlyspeaki
g严格来说，talki
gof谈到，speaki
gof说到，judgi
gfrom由…判断，taki
gallthi
gsi
toco
sideratio
把一切考虑在内，co
sideri
gthat考虑到，allowi
gfor考虑到putti
gitmildly说的温和些Da
yhastoomuchhomeworkco
sideri
gthatheisyou
g考虑到Da
y还小，他的作业也太多了。2有些固定短语是带to的不定式，表明说话人的立场和态度，在句中作独立成分。这些短语有：tobeho
est老实说，tobesure确实，totellyouthetruth说实话，tocutalo
gstoryshort长话短说，tobefra
k坦率地说，tomakematterthi
gsworse更糟糕的是Tomakethi
gsworsema
yoftheme
havego
eofftocitiesi
searchofhigherpayleavi
gwome
from
earbyvillagestocarryo
withthework更糟的是，许多男人都到城市里找高薪的工作区了，留下附近村庄的妇女积蓄承担修复工作。5独立主格结构的时态问题独立主格结构作时间或原因状语时，可用完成时，表示该动作发生在位于动作之前。Theliste
ershavi
gtake
theirseatstheco
certbega
听众坐好后，音乐会开始了。
感谢下载载
f精品
Tomhavi
gbee
lateovera
doverhisbosswasverydisappoi
tedTom总是迟到，他的老板很失望。
练习：
1Everythi
g___i
toco
sideratio
theyoughttohavea
othercha
ce
Atotake
Btake

Ctobetake

Dtaki
g
2A
expert___tohelpthemtomorrowtheyaresuretoworkouttheproblem
AwillcomeBcomi
g
CtocomeDhavi
gcome
3Themeeti
g___overhewe
ttopickuphisso
directly
Atobe
Bis
Cwas
Dbei
g
4Theysatstilli
theroom___Whydidtheydolikethat
Adrawi
gthecurtai
s
Bwiththecurtai
sdraw

Cwiththecurtai
sdrawi
g
Dhavi
gthecurtai
sdraw

5Thesu
___theyco
ti
uedtheirway
Ahasrise

Bhavi
grise
Chasraised
Dhavi
graised
6Thecou
tryhasalreadyse
tupthreeu
ma
edspacecraftthemostrece
t___atthee
doflastMarch
Ahasbee
lau
ched
Bhavi
gbee
lau
ched
Cbei
glau
ched
Dtobelau
ched
7Herearetwovolumesthethirdo
e____
extmo
th
AcomesoutBcameoutCcomi
goutDtocomeout
8Withhisso
___theoldma
feltu
happy
Atodisappoi
tBtobedisappoi
ti
g
Cdisappoi
ti
gDbei
gdisappoi
ted
9．Comeo
pleasegivemesomeideasabouttheproject
感谢下载载
f精品
SorryWithsomuchwork___mymi
dIalmostbreakdow

Afilled
Bfilli
g
Ctofill
Dbei
gfilled
10．Joh
receiveda
i
vitatio
todi
era
dwithhiswork___hegladlyacceptedit
Afi
ished
Bfi
ishi
g
Chavi
gfi
ished
Dwasfi
ished
11r