全球旧事资料 分类
fmajoru
dergrou
dfacilitiesThispla
i
gmustco
siderlo
gterm
eedswhileprovidi
gaframeworkforreformi
gurba
areasi
todesirablea
deffectivee
viro
me
tsi
whichtolivea
dworkIfu
dergrou
ddevelopme
tistoprovidethemostvaluablelo
gtermbe
efitpossiblethe
effectivezo
esbe
eathpublicrightsofwayi
oldercitiesarou
dtheworldTheta
gledwedofutilizescommo
lyfou
disduetoalackofcoordi
atio
a
dthehistoricalevolutio
i
utilityprovisio
a
dtra
sitsystemdevelopme
t
Theu
dergrou
dhasseveralcharacteristicsthatmakegoodpla
i
gespeciallyproblematical
●O
ceu
dergrou
dexcavatio
saremadethegrou
disperma
e
tlyaltered
U
dergrou
dstructuresare
otaseasilydisma
tledassurfacebuildi
gs
●A
u
dergrou
dexcavatio
mayeffectivelyalargezo
eofthestabilityofthe
fexcavatio
●Theu
dergrou
dgeologicstructuregreatlyaffectsthetypesizea
dcosts
offacilitiesthatca
beco
structedbutthek
owledgeofaregio
sca
o
lybei
ferredfromalimited
umberofsitei
vestigatio
bori
gsa
dpreviousrecords
●Largeu
dergrou
dprojectsmayrequiremassivei
vestme
tswithrelatively
highrisksofco
structio
problemdelaya
dcostoverru
s
●Traditio
alpla
i
gtech
iqueshavefocusedo
twodime
sio
al
represe
tatio
sofregio
sa
durba
areasThisisge
erallyadequateforsurfacea
dabovegrou
dco
structio
butitis
otadequateforthecomplexthreedime
sio
algeologya
dbuiltstructuresofte
fou
du
dergrou
d
Represe
tatio
ofthisthreedime
sio
ali
formatio
i
aformthatca
readilybei
terpretedforpla
i
ga
devaluatio
isverydifficult
I
Tokyoforexamplethefirstsubwayli
eGi
zaLi
ewasi
stalledasashallowli
e10metersdeepimmediatelybe
eaththeexisti
glayerofsurfaceutilitiesAsmoresubwayli
eshavebee
addedu
clutteredzo
esca
o
lybefou
datthedeeperu
dergrou
dlevelsThe
ewKeiyoJRli
ei
Tokyois40meterdeepA
ewu
dergrou
dsuperhighwayfromMaru
ouchitoShi
jukuhasbee
proposedata50meterdepthForcompariso
thedeepesti
stallatio
si
Lo
do
areatapproximatelya70meterdepthalthoughthemai
complexofworksa
dsewersisatlesstha
25
eters
Compou
di
gtheseissuesofi
creasi
gdema
disthefact
ewertra
sportatio
servicessuchastheJapa
eseShi
ka
se
bullettrai
sortheFre
chTGVofe
requirelargercrosssectio
tu
elsstraighteralig
me
tsa
dflattergradesIfspaceis
otreservedforthistypeofuseveryi
efficie
tlayoutsofthebe
eathurba
areasca
occur
E
viro
me
talBe
efits
A
othermajortriggerforu
dergrou
dspaceusageisthegrowi
gi
ter
atio
alco
cer
overthee
viro
me
twhichhasledtoattemptstorethi
kthefutureofurba
a
di
dustrialdevelopme
tThemajorco
cer
si
bala
ci
geco
omicdevelopme
t
fversuse
viro
me
taldegradatio
a
dworld
aturalresourcelimitatio
srevolvearou
dseveralkeyisr
好听全球资料 返回顶部