来源：青岛扬格剑桥Alevel中心httpalevelyou
ger365com
Topic1
BasicEco
omicIdeas
1WhatisEco
omics
Eco
omicsstudiestheallocatio
ofscarcescarcelimitedresourcesi
respo
setou
limitedwa
ts
2Whatisscarcity
Limitedresources资源的有限性
I
eco
omicwecategoriestheresourcesavailabletousi
tofourtypesTherearek
ow
asfactorsofproductio

1La
d
aturalresourcesi
their
aturalstatesExamplesmi
eralsoilwaterforests
2Laborthehuma
capacitytowork
3Capitala
ythi
gthatisproducedi
ordertoi
creaseproductivityi
thefuturei
cludeshuma
capitala
dphysicalcapital
I
eco
omicscapitaldoesNOTi
cludefi
a
cialcapitalsuchasmo
eystocksa
dbo
ds
ExamplesMachi
esvehiclesbuildi
gsfactorieswarehousesofficesetcskills
Physicalcapital（物质资本）i
cludesbuildi
gsmachi
erya
dequipme
t
Huma
capital（人力资本）acquiredskillsa
dabilitiesembodiedwithi
aperso

4E
trepre
eurshipperso
ali
itiativetocombi
eresourcesi
productivewaysI
volvesrisk
U
limitedwa
ts：欲望的无限性
ScarcityWa
tsareu
limitedbutresourcesarescarce
相对于人类需要的无限性而言，任何资源和商品都是稀缺的
1
f来源：青岛扬格剑桥Alevel中心httpalevelyou
ger365com
3Howscarcityimplieschoice？
Scarcitymea
swemustchoose（becauseofscarcitywe
eedtodecidehowtouselimitedresources）Whe
youusearesourceforo
egoodyouca
’tusethatresourceforsomethi
gelse
Examplethebuildi
gwearei
isbei
gusedasaschoolThereforewedo
otgettouseitasahotelbusi
essofficeora
ythi
gelsethatwewa
tWemustchooseo
ethi
g
4Opportu
itycostThebe
efitlostfromthe
extbestalter
ative
Therelatio
shipbetwee
scarcitychoicea
dopportu
itycost
5Thethreebasiceco
omicproblems
awhattoproduce？bHowtoproduce？cForwhomtoproduce
Thethreebasiceco
omicproblemsca
bea
swereddiffere
tlyi
differe
teco
omicsystems
acomma
deco
omicsystem
1Pla
ershavetodecidewhatistobeproduced2Pla
ersthe
havetodecidetohowitistobemade3Fi
allypla
ershavetomakedecisio
saboutdistributio
which
co
sumerswillreceivewhatgoodsa
dservices
Thekeyfeaturesofacomma
deco
omyarethatce
tralgover
me
ta
ditsco
stitue
torga
izatio
stakerespo
sibilityfor
Theallocatio
ofresourcesThedetermi
atio
ofproductio
targetsforallsectorsoftheeco
omyThedistributio
ofi
comea
dthedetermi
atio
ofwagesTheow
ershipofmostproductiveresourcesa
dpropertyPla
i
gthelo
gtermgrowthoftheeco
omy
2
f来源：青岛扬格剑桥Alevel中心httpalevelyou
ger365com
A
evaluatio
ofcomma
deco
omies
Disadva
tage
①I
apla
edeco
omyi
dividualshaverelativelylittleChoice②I
apla
edr