511p
kT，

p1011052441025m323kT1381027327
2
mpMmol10110532103pVm130kgm3R，VRT83127327TMmol
3mO2
，mO24d352



1305331026kg2441025
131345109m
2441025
设容器的质量为m，即放气前容器中气体质量为m1由理想气体状态方程有
GG1m，放气后容器中气体质量为m22m。gg
G1mm1gp1VRTRTMmolMmolG2mm2gp2VRTRTMmolMmol
1、2相减得
1
2
RTG2G1p2p1VMmolg
当压强为p3时，53
得
Mmol
RTG2G1gVp2p1
m3Mmolp3pGG132VRTgVp2p1
pV
mMpVRT，TmolMmolmR
t
54
33MpV321033910540103kTkmol13810233881022J22mR22102831
3tNkT，其中N为总分子数。2NpVp
kTkT，NkTVpV333tkTpV105103150JkT222
1
f55
33kT13810232735651021J2233100C时，t100kT13810233737721021J22
0C时，t0
1eV161019J，分子具有1eV平均动能时，气体温度为
T2t2161019773103K3K31381023
56
E
57
mimi5RT，又pVRT，所以EpV201055010325103JMmol2Mmol22
pV
MH2MmolH2
RT
pV
MMMHe21RT，H2molH2MmolHeMHeMmolHe42
又E58
EiMiii5RTRTpV，H2H2Mmol222EHeiHe3
mRTm125102kgm3pVV
1Mmol
12510283127328103kgmol251010101310气体是N2或COMmol
2t
33kT13810232735651021J22
转动自由度i532i转kT13810232733771021J2p101021011052691023m33p
kT
kT1381023273
Ek
t26910235651021152103J
4E59
mvNm3fvv42e2kTv2v速率区间较小时N2kT
2
mi5RT03831273170103JMmol22
令x
vvpvp
N42x22kTxex，mN
2
f当vvp
vp
1002N40992e099002166所以N
5101速率分布曲线如右图。2由归一化条件
v0

099vp时，xr