Chapter1Scarcity缺乏thelimited
atureofsociety’sresourcesEco
omicsthestudyofhowsocietyma
agesitsscarceresourcesEfficie
cythepropertyofsocietygetti
gthemostitca
fromitsscareresourcesEqualitythepropertyofdistributi
geco
omicprosperityfairlyamo
gthemembersofsocietyOpportu
itycost机会成本whatevermustbegive
uptoobtai
someitemRatio
alpeoplepeoplewhosystematicallya
dpurposefullydothebesttheyca
toachievetheirobjectivesMargi
alcha
ges边际变量：smalli
creme
tal增加的adjustme
tstoapla
ofactio
I
ce
tivesomethi
gthati
ducesaperso
toactMarketeco
omy市场经济a
eco
omythatallocatesresourcesthroughthedece
tralizeddecisio
sofma
yfirmsa
dhouseholdsastheyi
teracti
marketsforgoodsa
dservicesPropertyrights产权theabilityofa
i
dividualtoow
a
dexerciseco
troloverscarceresourcesMarketfailure市场失灵：asituatio
i
whichamarketlefto
itsow
failstoallocateresourcesefficie
tlyExter
ality外部性theimpactofo
eperso
’sactio
so
thewellbei
gofabysta
derMarketpower市场势力theabilityofasi
gleeco
omicactororasmallgroupofactorstohaveasubsta
tiali
flue
ceo
marketprices如：垄断mo
opolyProductivitythequa
tityofgoodsa
dservicesproducedfromeachhourofaworker’stimeI
flatio
a
i
creasei
theoveralllevelofpricesi
theeco
omyBusi
esscyclefluctuatio
s起伏i
eco
omicactivitysuchasemployme
ta
dproductio
fChapter2Circularflowdiagram循环流动图avisualmodeloftheeco
omythatshowshowdollarsflowthroughmarketsamo
ghouseholdsa
dfirmsProductio
possibilitiesfro
tier生产能力边界线：agraphthatshowsthecombi
atio
ofoutputthattheeco
omyca
possiblyproducegive
theavailablefactorsofproductio
a
dtheavailableproductio
tech
ology产出的组合，经济可能产生的可用因素的生产和现有的生产技术Positivestateme
ts实证表述：claimsthatattempttodescribetheworldasitisNormativestateme
ts规范表述：claimsthatattempttoprescribehowtheworldshouldbeImport：goodsproducedabroada
dsolddomesticallyExport：goodsproduceddomesticallya
dsoldabroadChapter3Absoluteadva
tage绝对优势theabilitytoproduceagoodusi
gfeweri
putstha
a
otherproducer（比较的是生产量）Comparativeadva
tage比较优势：theabilitytoproduceagoodataloweropportu
itycosttha
a
otherproducer比较的是机会成本
fChapter4Market：agroupofbuyersa
dsellersofaparticulargoodorserviceCompetitivemarket竞争市场amarketi
whichtherearema
ybuyersa
dma
ysellerssothateachhasa
egligible可以忽略的impacto
themarketpriceQua
titydema
ded需求量：theamou
tofagoodthatbuyersarewilli
ga
dabletopurchaseLawofdema
dr
