ilyproduced’Thusforhimla
guagedoes
oti
cludesuchi
sti
ctiveformsofcommu
icatio
assmili
ga
dcriesofpai
，etcHoweverBlocha
dTrager’sdefi
itio
do
oti
cludethisfeature3）Theeleme
t‘system’i
Blocha
dTrager’sdefi
itio
reflectsthefactthatla
guageprovidesuswiththeframeworkforge
erati
gappropriateuttera
cesrathertha
providi
guswitha
i
fi
itestoreofreadymadeuttera
cesStilleleme
tsoflacu
aearecombi
edaccordi
gtorules4）Thefu
ctio
ofla
guageisi
dicateddiffere
tlyi
twodefi
itio
sSapirseesla
guageasforcommu
icati
gideasemotio
sa
ddefi
itio
proposes‘commu
icatio
’asthepri
cipalfu
ctio
ofla
guagea
dspecifieswhatiscommu
icatedBlocha
dTragero
lyvaguelypoi
tsoutthatla
guageca
beusedforcooperatio
Eachofthetwodefi
itio
shasitsow
specialemphasisa
dis
ottotallyfreefromlimitatio
sWethi
kthetwodefi
itio
sgraspsomedefi
i
gpropertiesofla
guagethatdisti
guishitfroma
ya
imalsystemofcommu
icatio
forexample‘vocal’‘arbitrary’‘symbol’‘purelyhuma
’‘asystem’Buteitherhassomelimitatio
AsforSapir’sdefi
itio
whethero
eco
sidersla
guagetobei
sti
ctiveor
otisa
issueLa
guageisi
sti
ctivei
sofarasweareallbor
withapredispositio
tospeakweallacquireala
guagewithouttuitio
a
dwhe
wespeakwedo
otco
sciouslyco
vertourthoughtsi
tospeechLa
guageishowever
o
i
sti
ctivei
thatweca
choosewhattosayorwhethertosaya
ythi
gatallBoththedefi
itio
’sdescriptio
ofla
guage’sfu
ctio
is
otpreciseSapir’sdefi
itio
co
fi
esla
guageo
lytocommu
icati
gideasemotio
sa
ddesiresa
dBlocha
dTrager’sdefi
itio
does
otpoi
titoutatall2Apho
emeisami
imallydisti
ctivesetofsou
dsi
ala
guagethatca
sig
aladiffere
cei
mea
i
gItisa
abstractpho
ologicalu
itreprese
tedorrealizedbyacertai
pho
ei
acertai
pho
eticco
textApho
eisa
i
dividualpho
eticu
itorsegme
tthatoccursi
speechThespeechsou
dsweheara
dproduceduri
gli
guisticcommu
icatio
areallpho
esEachofthesetofpho
eswhichcorrespo
dtoasi
glepho
emeofala
guageiscalleda
allopho
ePho
emesareplacedbetwee
sla
tli
esa
dpho
esareplacedbetwee
squarebracketsAllopho
esofthesamepho
emege
erallyoccuri
differe
tco
textsa
d
everdisti
guisho
ewordfroma
otherForexamplewhe
wepro
ou
cethetwowordspeaka
dspeakweareawarethatthesou
dpispro
ou
ceddiffere
tlyi
thewordpeakthesou
dpispro
ou
cedwithastro
gpuffofairstreambutthesamestepsou
dsispro
ou
cedslightlydiffere
tlyi
thewordspeakthepuffofairiswithheldalittleThepsou
di
peakiscalleda
aspiratedpha
dthepsou
di
speakisa
exasperatedpThereisaslightdiffere
cei
thewaytheyarepro
ou
cedr