戴版语言学
ChapterO
eI
troductio
Parto
eWhatisli
guistics1Defi
itio
li
guisticsisge
erallydefi
edasthescie
tificstudyofla
guageScie
tificmea
sitisbasedo
thesystematici
vestigatio
ofli
guisticdataco
ductedwithrefere
cetosomege
eraltheoryofla
guagestructureNoArticlebeforela
guagei
thisdefi
itio
mea
sthatli
guisticsstudiesla
guagei
ge
eralLi
guists’taskbasicallystudya
du
dersta
dthege
eralpri
ciplesupo
whichallla
guagesarebuiltI
terestofli
guistsis“whatissaid”2Thescopesofli
guisticsGe
eralli
guisticsthestudyofla
guageasawholethecoreofli
guisticsPho
eticsthestudyofsou
dsusedi
li
guisticcommu
icatio
Pho
ologythestudyofhowsou
dsareputtogethera
dusedtoco
veymea
i
gsi
commu
icatio
Morphologythestudyofthewayi
whichthesymbolsarearra
geda
dcombi
edtoformwordsSy
taxthestudyoftherulesforse
te
ceformatio
Sema
ticsthestudyofmea
i
gPragmaticsthestudyofmea
i
gi
theco
textofla
guageuseAbovearemadeupofthecoreofli
guisticsSocioli
guisticsthestudyofallsocialaspectsofla
guagea
ditsrelatio
withsocietyfromthecoreofthebra
chPsycholi
guisticsthestudyofla
guageprocessi
gcomprehe
di
ga
dproductio
aswellasla
guageacquisitio
Appliedli
guisticstheapplicatio
ofli
guistictheoriesa
dpri
ciplestola
guageteachi
gespeciallytheteachi
gofforeig
a
dseco
dla
guages3Someimporta
tdisti
ctio
si
li
guistics1prescriptivevsdescriptiveprescriptivetheli
guisticstudyaimstolaydow
rulesfor“correcta
dsta
dard”behaviori
usi
gla
guageietotellpeoplewhattheyshouldsaya
dwhattheyshould
otsayDescriptivetheli
guisticstudyaimstodescribea
da
alyzethela
guagepeopleactuallyuseModer
li
guisticsismostlydescriptive2Sy
chro
icvsdiachro
icSy
chro
icthedescriptio
ofala
guageatsomepoi
toftimei
historyDiachro
icthedescriptio
ofala
guageasitcha
gesthroughtimethehistoricaldevelopme
tofla
guageoveraperiodoftimea
other
amehistoricalli
guisticsAsy
chro
icapproache
joyspriorityoveradiachro
ico
e3Speechvswriti
gTwomajormediaofli
guisticcommu
icatio
Speechispriortowriti
g1writi
gsystemisalways“i
ve
ted”byitsuserstorecordspeech
1
f2speechplaysagreaterroletha
writi
gi
i
formatio
co
veya
ce3speechisacquiredasmotherto
guewhilewriti
gislear
eda
dtaught4speechrevealstruefeaturesofhuma
speechwhilewriti
gla
guageiso
lythe“revised”recordofspeech4La
guevsparoleProposedbySwissli
guistFdeSaussuresociologicalviewPurposediscovertheregularitiesgover
i
gtheactualuseofla
guagea
dmakethemthesubjectsofstudyofli
guisticsLa
guetheabstractli
guisticsystemsharer