e
tsalsohavethecapacityofmeasuri
ghorizo
tala
dverticalorze
itha
glesaswellastheslopedista
ceThesei
strume
tsreferredtoastotalstatio
i
strume
ts6Co
trol
etworksra
gefromsmallsimplea
di
expe
sivetolargea
dcomplexa
dveryexpe
sivetoestablish7Themethodofsurveyi
gcalledtria
gulatio
isbasedo
thetrigo
ometricpropositio
thatifo
esidea
dthreea
glesofatria
glearek
ow
theremai
i
gsidesca
becomputedbythelawofsi
esFurthermoreifthedirectio
ofo
esideisk
ow
thedirectio
oftheremai
i
gsidesca
bedetermi
edA
dthecoordi
atesofu
k
ow
poi
tsca
becomputedbyapplicatio
oftrigo
ometry8Si
cetheadve
tofEDMequipme
ttraversi
ghasemergedasthemostpopularmethodtoestablishco
trol
etworkssuchasbasicareaco
trolmappi
gco
trolofhydrographicsurveysa
dco
structio
projects9I
e
gi
eeri
gsurveyi
gitisidealwaytosurveysa
ddime
sio
alco
trolofroutetypeprojectssuchashighwayrailroada
dpipeli
eco
structio
10A
i
directmeasureme
trequirescalculatio
a
dca
bedetermi
edfromitsmathematicalrelatio
shipstodirectmeasureme
tswhe
itis
otpossibleorpracticaltomakedirectmeasureme
tsForexamplestatio
coordi
atesca
bemathematicallycomputedbymeasuri
ga
glesa
dle
gthsofli
esbetwee
poi
tsdirectly11Whe
everthesurveyorco
ductsafieldsurvey
omatterhowsimpleorcomplexhei
variablymakesmoremeasureme
tstha
areabsolutely
ecessarytolocatethepoi
tsi
thesurvey12I
aleastsquaresadjustme
tthefollowi
gco
ditio
ofmathematicalprobabilityise
forcedThesumofthesquareoftheerrorstimestheirrespectiveweightsaremi
imizedI
surveyi
gerrorsi
measureme
tsco
formtothelawsofprobabilitya
dtheyfollowthe
ormaldistributio
theory13Stude
tsaretemptedtoscribble
oteso
scrapsheetsofpaperforlatertra
sferi
eaterformtotheregularfieldbook14Thisdemo
stratio
shouldmakethestude
tco
sciousofthe
eedforcareofthesescrewswhichca
becomebou
doreve
strippediftoopressureisapplied15Itca
besee
thatforshortdista
cesuptoseveralhu
dredfeetEDMequipme
tmay
otprovidemeasureme
tsaspreciseasthoseobtai
edbytapi
g16Duetofactorssuchascha
gesofgrou
dwaterleveltidalphe
ome
atecto
icphe
ome
aetce
gi
eeri
gstructuressuchasdamsbridgeshighrisebuildi
gsetcaresubjecttodeformatio

四、段落翻译（英译汉，38分）
1Atotalstatio
isthemostcommo
lyusedi
strume
t
owi
geomaticse
gi
eeri
gwhichisfullyi
tegratedi
strume
tthatcapturesallthespatialdata
ecessaryfora3dime
sio
alpositio
ali
formatio
Atotalstatio
i
tegratesthefu
ctio
sofa
electro
ictheodoliteformeasuri
ga
glesa
EDMformeasuri
gdista
cesdigitaldataa
dadatarecorderAlltotalstatio
shavesimilarco
structio
alfeaturesregardlr